The USA Disaster Situation Report
The Daily USA Disaster Situation Report
For September 5, 2000
Christopher Effgen, Editor, host{at}disastercenter.com
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IN THIS ISSUE
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=> USA Daily Temperature Extremes
=> Special Notes
=> Current Tropical Weather Outlook
=> Current Active National Weather Service Warnings:
=> Severe Weather Probability Forecast
=> Precipitation Forecast and Excessive Rainfall Forecast
=> USA Flood Report
=> USA Fire Report and Forecast
=> USA Earthquake Report
=> Yesterday's USA Severe Weather Reports
=> Guest Column
=> CF AR CWC 6/99 Fatalities to Law Enforcement Officers and Firefighters,
1992-97
=> Classified Ads
=> Links Area
=> How to Be Featured as our Guest Columnist
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=> Subscribe/Unsubscribe information
The Daily USA Disaster Situation Report
For September 5, 2000
Christopher Effgen, Editor, host{at}disastercenter.com
------------------------------------------------------------
IN THIS ISSUE
------------------------------------------------------------
=> USA Daily Temperature Extremes
National Temperature Extremes
High Mon...112 At Ft Worth...Mckinney And College Station TX
Low Tue...25 At Truckee CA
=> Special Notes
=> Current Tropical Weather Outlook For The North Atlantic Caribbean Sea And
The Gulf Of Mexico
The strong tropical wave located about 900 miles east of the Lesser Antilles
has not become any better developed this morning. The system continues to be
accompanied by a broad area of low pressure...but the associated shower
activity is sporadic and not well organized. There is still the potential
for this system to become a tropical depression during the next day or so as
it moves west-northwestward at 15 to 20 mph.
Disorganized showers and thunderstorms extending from the central Gulf of
Mexico northeastward are associated with a weak surface low pressure area
and an upper-level trough. There are no indications of tropical cyclone
development at this time.
Elsewhere...tropical storm formation is not expected through Wednesday.
=> Current Active National Weather Service Warnings:
Active Warnings:
Updated Tue Sep 5 11:22:06 2000
Flood
North Carolina
South Carolina
...A RIVER FLOOD WARNING HAS BEEN ISSUED FOR THE LUMBER... FOR THE LUMBER,
INCLUDING LUMBERTON, MINOR FLOODING IS FORECASTED. FOR THE LUMBER NEAR
LUMBERTON, THE LATEST STAGE IS 12.44 FEET AT 5 AM TUESDAY.
Non Precipitation
Arkansas
Louisiana
Oklahoma
Texas
...HEAT ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT TODAY FOR ALL OF NORTH
LOUISIANA...NORTHEAST TEXAS...SOUTHWEST ARKANSAS...AND MCCURTAIN COUNTY IN
SOUTHEAST OKLAHOMA...
...EXCESSIVE HEAT CONTINUES...WITH RECORD BREAKING TEMPERATURES EXPECTED
THIS AFTERNOON...
Idaho
...WIND ADVISORY FOR THE SNAKE RIVER PLAIN TODAY THROUGH 9 PM TONIGHT...
Maine
...UNSEASONABLY COLD TEMPERATURES ON TAP FOR NORTHERN AND DOWNEAST MAINE
TONIGHT...
...FREEZE WARNING FOR TONIGHT... EXPECT TEMPERATURES TO FALL TO BETWEEN 25
AND 30 DEGREES OVERNIGHT WITH A HARD FREEZE EXPECTED.
New York
Pennsylvania
...A FROST ADVISORY IS IN EFFECT TONIGHT...
THROUGHOUT MANY OF THE VALLEYS OF THE TWIN TIERS...WESTERN CATSKILLS AND
MOHAWK VALLEY. PATCHY FROST MAY EVEN DEVELOP ON SOME OF THE HILLSIDES.
Severe Thunderstorm
North Dakota
* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR... NORTH CENTRAL BOTTINEAU COUNTY IN NORTH
CENTRAL NORTH DAKOTA * UNTIL 1045 AM CDT
=> Severe Weather Probability Forecast
The forecast probability of an event is by the stated percentage or greater
for the event, within 25 miles of any point for the area described.
Tornado Risk - Slight
There is less than a 2% probability of a tornado.
Hail Risk - Slight
There is one 5% probability area for hail 3/4 inch or larger
Over North Dakota except the far eastern area, and over central to northern
South Dakota.
Wind Risk - Slight
There are two 5% probability areas
One over North Dakota except the far eastern area, and over central to
northern South Dakota.
The other over far southeast Texas and southwest Louisiana.
Tomorrow's Risk - Slight
There are no areas at risk for severe weather.
Areas at a lesser degree of risk include far central west Nevada, central
north and northern Arizona, far northwest New Mexico, western Colorado, far
south southwest Wyoming, and Utah.
=> Precipitation Forecast and Excessive Rainfall Forecast
Precipitation Forecast
The 24 hr precipitation forecast is calling for over 3 inches of rainfall is
forecast over the center of South Carolina's coastal area. Over 2 inches of
rainfall is forecast over coastal areas from the center Georgia's coastal
area to the center of North Carolina's coastal area. Over an inch of
rainfall is forecast from north central to northeast Florida, southeast
Georgia, southeast South Carolina, and southeast North Carolina.
The 24 - 48 hr precipitation forecast is calling for over an inch of
rainfall over the western Florida panhandle and southeast South and North
Carolina.
Excessive Rainfall Forecast
Flash flood values may be exceeded over central north Florida, southeast
Georgia, southeast South And North Carolina.
Some heavy to isolated excessive rains over portions of eastern Carolinas
southwestward into central/southern Georgia into wed morning. Rainfall
amounts of 1-2" in several hrs certainly possible within the threat area..
with some isolated amounts approaching 5" possible this period.. especially
southern South Carolina into Georgia
=> USA Flood Report
United States National flood summary are not currently available.
=> USA Fire Report and Forecast
INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SITUATION REPORT
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 2000 - 0530 MDT
NATIONAL PREPAREDNESS LEVEL V
CURRENT SITUATION:
A total of six new large fires were reported in the Southern Area. Crews
reached containment goals on four large fires in Eastern Great Basin,
Northwest and Northern Rockies. Initial attack activity was light in the
nation except in the Southern Area where it was heavy. A upper level
trough of low pressure over Central Oregon will bring continued cool
temperatures with a threat of showers to Northern California, Great Basin
and Northern Rockies. The Gulf Coast states will continue with hot, dry
conditions. Very high to extreme fire indices have been reported in areas
of the western states, North Dakota, Arkansas, Mississippi and Oklahoma.
NORTHERN ROCKIES AREA LARGE FIRES:
An Area Command Team (Edrington) is assigned to manage the large fires in
the Hamilton area. An Area Command Team (Mann) is assigned to manage the
large fires in southwest Montana. An Area Command Team (Meuchel) is
assigned to manage the large fires in central Montana. An Area Command
Team (Gale) is assigned to manage the large fires in northwest Montana.
Priorities are being established by the Northern Rockies Multi-Agency
Coordinating Group based on information submitted via Wildfire Situation
Analysis reports and Incident Status Summary (ICS-209) forms.
VALLEY COMPLEX, Bitterroot National Forest. A Type I Incident Management
Team (Stutler) is assigned. The Army's 3rd Battalion 327th Infantry from
Ft. Campbell, KY, commanded by LTC Lehr, is assigned. These fires are
seven miles south of Darby, MT. The complex consists of the Bear, Taylor,
Taylor Spot, Hilltop, Razor, Fat and Mink fires. Fire behavior observed
today included smoldering, creeping and occasional torching.
SKALKAHO COMPLEX, Bitterroot National Forest. A Type I Incident
Management Team (Rutherford) is assigned. This group of fires is ten
miles southeast of Hamilton, MT. Included in the complex are the Bear and
Coyote fire. The fire activity has been reduced due to favorable weather
conditions.
BLODGETT TRAILHEAD, Bitterroot National Forest. A Type I Incident
Management Team (Rutherford) is assigned. This fire is three miles
northwest of Hamilton, MT. Fire activity remained light. Cloudy, cool
weather persisted throughout the day. WILDERNESS COMPLEX, Bitterroot
National Forest. A Type II Incident Management Team (Cook) is assigned.
The complex consists of 15 fires in the Selway-Bitterroot and Frank Church
River of No Return Wildernesses, 40 miles southwest of Hamilton, MT.
Large fires in the complex include the Hamilton, Lonely, Fitz, Thirty,
Echo and Throng fires. Fire activity below 4500 feet was more active than
at the higher elevations.
ALDER CREEK, Lolo National Forest. A Type II Incident Management Team
(Hoff) is assigned. This fire is 31 miles southeast of Missoula, MT.
Crews were successful with direct attack with assistance from helicopter
bucket drops.
THOMPSON FLAT COMPLEX, Lolo National Forest. A Type I Incident Management
Team (Studebaker) is assigned. This is a complex of six fires in the
vicinity of Superior, MT. Work progressed on the Landowner fire with
direct fireline construction despite the rough terrain. Road repair on
the Flat fire is continuing.
UPPER NINEMILE COMPLEX, Lolo National Forest. A Type I Incident
Management Team (Bateman) is assigned. The Army's 20th Engineers
Battalion from Ft. Hood, Texas, commanded by LTC Shumway, is assigned.
These fires are burning 25 miles northwest of Missoula, MT. Mopup and
rehabilitation activities are continuing.
CLEAR CREEK DIVIDE COMPLEX, Flathead Agency, BIA. A Type I Incident
Management Team (Orich) is assigned. This complex, 60 miles northwest of
Missoula, consists of the Clear Creek, Vanderburg, Siegel, Seepay and
Magpie Creek fires. Direct attack, maintenance of existing firelines and
mopup continues on all fires in the complex.
MONTURE/SPREAD RIDGE, Lolo National Forest. A Type I Incident Management
Team (Wands) is assigned. The fires are 15 miles east of Seeley Lake, MT.
Crews continue with suppression and rehabilitation efforts.
CROOKED, Clearwater National Forest. A Type II Incident Management Team
(Anderson) is assigned. The fire is 50 miles southwest of Missoula, MT,
near Lolo Pass. Minimal fire activity was observed. Mopup activities
continue.
MIDDLE FORK COMPLEX, Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest. A Type I
Incident Management Team (Hart) is assigned. The complex consists of the
Falls Creek, Cougar Creek, Coyote Springs, Medicine Lake, Skalkaho Pass,
Lick Creek and Cooper Creek fires, 30 miles southwest of Philipsburg, MT.
Fire behavior includes smoldering and creeping in the heavy fuels.
MAUDLOW/TOSTON, Central Land Office, Montana Department of Natural
Resources and Conservation. Two Type II Incident Management Teams (Joki
and Greene) are assigned. These fires are 25 miles northeast of Belgrade,
MT. Fire behavior is of low intensity.
MUSSIGBROD COMPLEX, Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest. A Type I
Incident Management Team (Bennett) is assigned. These fires are 12 miles
northwest of Wisdom, MT. The complex includes the Mussigbrod and Maynard
fires. Fire activity was minimal. Construction of direct fireline
continues on all divisions.
KOOTENAI COMPLEX, Kootenai National Forest. A Type I Incident Management
Team (Longpre) is assigned. These fires are 20 miles northwest of Libby,
MT. Fire activity remains quiet. Mopup and patrol continues on
established containment lines.
TROY SOUTH, Kootenai National Forest. A Type II Incident Management Team
(Gauger) is assigned. The Army's 1st Battalion 321st Artillery from Ft.
Bragg, NC, commanded by LTC Mathis, is assigned. This complex of fires is
near Troy, MT. Intermittent rain showers reduced fire activity.
CHIPMUNK, Flathead National Forest. The fire is burning in spruce,
subalpine fir and brush 45 miles southeast of Kalispell, MT. Moderate
fire activity was observed. Road closures remain in effect.
WILLIE, Custer National Forest. A Type I Incident Management Team (Frye)
is assigned. This fire is five miles southwest of Red Lodge, MT. Highway
212 is open to traffic. Crews are progressing on mopup, patrol and
rehabilitation efforts.
THREE BEARS, Nez Perce National Forest. A Type II Incident Management
Team (Cones) is assigned. This fire is on both sides of the Salmon River,
29 miles from Elk City, ID. No new information to report.
SUGARLOAF, Gallatin National Forest. The fire is 13 miles northeast of
Wilsall, MT. Low fire activity was observed. Fire is being monitored by
aerial reconnaissance.
GREEN MOUNTAIN, Kootenai National Forest. These fires are seven miles
northwest of Trout Creek, MT. The complex includes the Green Mountain,
McNeeley, Basin Creek and Engle fires. Fire activity is minimal.
SPRUCE COMPLEX, Yellowstone National Park. This is a complex of 11 fires
in Yellowstone National Park. The complex consists of the Plateau, Moose,
Unlucky, Boundary and several smaller fires. The Unlucky, Moose and
Plateau fires are staffed with monitors to observe fire activity.
JUDITH COMPLEX, Lewis and Clark National Forest. This complex consists of
the Studhorse, Lost Fork and High Springs fires, which are 25 miles
southwest of Stanford, MT. No significant activity observed.
SHARON, Glacier National Park. This fire is near North Fork in Glacier
National Park, MT. Fire activity has been low. The National Park Service
is monitoring the fire with daily aerial observation flights. Low fire
activity was observed.
POACHER, Clearwater National Forest. This lightning-caused fire is 13
miles southeast of Powell, ID. It is being monitored by U.S. Forest
Service personnel. No new information was received.
COPPER, Clearwater National Forest. This fire is 40 miles northeast of
Pierce, ID. The fire is being monitored by U.S. Forest Service personnel.
No significant activity noted.
PORPHYRY, Clearwater National Forest. This fire is 18 miles southeast of
Powell, ID. Fire activity was minimal. U.S. Forest Service personnel are
monitoring the fire. Minimal fire activity observed.
HELEN CREEK, Flathead National Forest. This fire is 22 miles south of
Spotted Bear, MT. The fire is being monitored by U.S. Forest Service
personnel. Due to favorable weather fire activity has been minimal.
HIDDEN CREEK, Clearwater National Forest. The fire is 12 miles southeast
of Powell, ID. Minimal fire activity was noted.
LONG RIDGE, Nez Perce National Forest. This fire is in the Selway-
Bitterroot Wilderness, 14 miles southwest of the Moose Creek Ranger
Station. The fire is being monitored by reconnaissance flights and by the
Gardiner Lookout. No new information was received.
MINARET PEAK, Flathead National Forest. The fire is near the Spotted Bear
Ranger Station in the Bob Marshall Wilderness. U.S. Forest Service
personnel are monitoring the fire's activity. Fire activity decreased due
to weather.
EAST THUNDER 14, Idaho Panhandle National Forest. This fire is 23 miles
east of Sandpoint, ID. Fuels are subalpine fir, spruce, brush and grass.
Forest Service personnel are monitoring the fire. No new information was
received.
PARKE PEAK, Glacier National Park. The fire has been burning since 7/23
in the northwest corner of the park. Fire activity remained low with no
increase in perimeter growth.
FROG LAKE, Clearwater National Forest. The fire is 16 miles southeast of
Powell, ID. The fire is being monitored by U.S. Forest Service personnel.
No new information was received.
ELIZABETH, Clearwater National Forest. The fire, 33 miles northeast of
Pierce, ID, is being monitored by U.S. Forest Service personnel. No
significant activity was observed.
SNOW CREEK, Clearwater National Forest. The fire is 30 miles northeast of
Pierce, ID. U.S. Forest Service personnel are monitoring the fire. No
significant activity was observed.
COLLINS CREEK, Clearwater National Forest. The fire is 25 miles northeast
of Pierce, ID. No significant activity to report.
CRIMSON PEAK, Flathead National Forest. This fire is located in the Bob
Marshall Wilderness. The fire is being monitored by U.S. Forest Service
personnel. Fire activity decreased due to change in the weather.
LONE SHEEP, Nez Perce National Forest. This lightning-caused fire is 20
miles southwest of Elk City, ID. No significant activity reported.
EASTERN GREAT BASIN AREA LARGE FIRES:
Priorities are being established by the Great Basin Multi-Agency
Coordinating Group based on information submitted via Wildfire Situation
Analysis reports and Incident Status Summary (ICS-209) forms.
CLEAR CREEK COMPLEX, Salmon-Challis National Forest. A Type I Incident
Management Team (Hefner) is assigned. This complex consists of the Clear
Creek, Marlin Springs, Full Circle and Sisters fires. The 3rd Battalion,
2nd Marines from Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, commanded by LTC Smith, are
committed. Fire activity decreased due to rain and clouds over the fire.
Significant suppression, mopup and rehabilitation efforts are being
accomplished.
YELLOWPINE COMPLEX, Payette National Forest. A Type I Incident Management
Team (Melton) is assigned. This complex consists of Nick Peak and
Indian/Prospect fires and is located 20 miles east of McCall, ID. Only a
few smokes and minimal fire activity was observed. Structures are no
longer threatened and crews are making progress on fireline construction
and mopup.
BURGDORF JUNCTION, Payette National Forest. A Type II Incident Management
Team (Suwyn) is assigned. The fire is 23 miles north of McCall, ID.
Crews and helicopters made slow progress cold trailing and hotspotting due
to steep terrain and difficult access.
MORSE, Salmon-Challis National Forest. The fire is burning in grass,
sagebrush and douglas fir five miles east of May, ID. Very little fire
activity was observed due to wet conditions and high relative humidity.
Progress was made toward containment.
SCF WILDERNESS, Salmon-Challis National Forest. A Type II Incident
Management Team (Adams) has been assigned. Eleven wildland fires are
currently burning within the Salmon Challis Wilderness Complex: Little
Pistol, Indian Creek, Filly, Butts, Papoose, Parker, Packer Meadow, Shell
Rock, Wilson Creek, Jackass and Jack Creek.
TETON COMPLEX, Grand Teton National Park, NPS. This complex is north of
Jackson, WY. It consists of the Wilcox, Moran, Hechtman, Glade and Enos
fires. Crews are making good progress on fireline construction and mopup.
FONTENELLE, Bridger-Teton National Forest. The fire will transition to a
Type III organization. This lightning-caused fire is 20 miles north of
Kemmerer, WY. Crews made significant progress hotspotting despite limited
access and steep terrain.
FLOSSIE COMPLEX, Payette National Forest. These fires are 50 miles
northeast of McCall, ID. Structure protection continues at Root Ranch.
DIAMOND COMPLEX, Payette National Forest. These lightning-caused fires
are 42 miles northeast of McCall, ID. This complex consists of the
Lookout, Point, North Shellrock and South Shellrock fires. Structure
protection remains in place for Big Creek and Edwardsburg.
SOUTHERN AREA LARGE FIRES:
BLUEBIRD, Texas State Forest Service. The fire is burning in a pine
plantation 60 miles northeast of Houston, TX. The fire was near
containment before it jumped two roads. Record high temperatures and low
relative humidity is making containment difficult.
WILLOW CREEK, Texas State Forest Service. This fire is located 20 miles
southwest of Austin, TX. The fire is burning in juniper and oak.
HORIZON, Texas State Forest Service. The fire is burning 40 miles
northwest of San Antonio, TX. Two large power grids have been shut down
due to the fire. Two subdivisions and two apartment complexes are
threatened.
LEGGETT, Texas State Forest Service. Extreme temperatures and low
relative humidity recovery is hampering containment efforts with this fire
burning in a pine plantation 60 miles northeast of Houston, TX.
WARREN, Texas State Forest Service. This fire is located 80 miles
northeast of Houston, TX. 20 homes have been evacuated and the fire is
burning actively due to extreme temperatures and no humidity recovery.
327, Texas State Forest Service. This fire that is burning in a pine
plantation 60 miles northeast of Houston, TX.
SADLER COMPLEX, Texas State Forest Service. These nine separate human
caused fires are located 50 miles northeast of Dallas, TX.
CHICKEN, Texas State Forest Service. This fire is located 20 miles east
of Nacogdoches, TX. Wind, record high temperatures and low relative
humidity contributed to the fire escaping containment lines.
GUTHRIE, Texas State Forest Service. Terrain, mesquite and cedar fuels
are making control difficult.
SNAKE EYE COMPLEX, National Forests in Mississippi. This complex of fires
are located near Potts Camp, MS. Engines and handcrews are working all
fires mopping up and patrolling. Conditions are extremely hot and dry.
E WHITES 2, Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge. This fire is burning in a
marsh area 40 miles from Houston, TX. Difficult access, low relative
humidity and dry fuels are impeding suppression efforts.
RANGER HILLS, Texas State Forest Service. This fire is burning in heavy
brush and cedar 50 miles east of Abilene, TX. Some spotting occurred and
record high temperatures are causing containment problems.
MOORE BRANCH, Texas State Forest Service. This fire is burning in a pine
plantation 30 miles north of Beaumont, TX. National Guard helicopters
were utilized in suppression efforts. Due to extreme fire behavior crews
were pulled off of the fire for a forth day.
STANLEY MAINLINE COMPLEX, Texas State Forest Service. This complex of
fires is burning 40 miles northeast of Houston, TX. Most residents have
been allowed to return to their homes. The fire is still actively burning
in a pine plantation.
CHAPEL TOWER, Texas State Forest Service. This fire is burning in a thick
pine stand 70 miles northeast of Houston, TX. Extreme weather is making
this fire difficult to contain.
DRY FORK, Ouachita National Forest. This fire is burning in pine and
hardwood timber. No new information was received.
BROCK, Ozark & St. Francis National Forest. No new information was
received.
OAK CREEK, Texas State Forest Service. Seven homes and three barns were
lost and ten other structures saved.
MOUNT LEBANON, Texas State Forest Service. This fire 100 miles east of
Dallas is burning in a pine plantation. No new information was received.
SLICKEM SLOUGH, Texas State Forest Service. This fire is burning in
cedar, juniper, brush, oak and mesquite 13 miles northwest of Sherman, TX.
No new information was received.
PINEY GROVE, Texas State Forest Service. This fire is burning in a pine
plantation 100 miles east of Dallas, TX. No new information was received.
BEDIAS CREEK, Texas State Forest Service. This fire is burning in a heavy
pine plantation 50 miles northwest of Houston, TX. No new information was
received.
WEST NUECES, Texas State Forest Service. This fire is 50 miles northeast
of Del Rio, TX. The fire is burning in heavy mesquite, oak and juniper
fuels in rough terrain. No new information was received.
YELLOW BAYOU, Texas State Forest Service. This fire is burning in a pine
plantation 100 miles northeast of Houston, TX. No new information was
received.
HUFFINES, Texas State Forest Service. This fire is burning in a pine
plantation 80 miles northeast of Tyler, TX. No new information was
received.
MONTEITH, Texas State Forest Service. This fire is burning in oak, cedar
and juniper 40 miles south of Waco, TX. No new information was received.
ROSEBUD, Texas State Forest Service. This fire is burning in thick brush,
mesquite, oak, cedar and juniper 25 miles south of Waco, TX. No new
information was received.
BREMOND, Texas State Forest Service. This fire is burning in grass and
pine 60 miles south of Waco, TX. No new information was received.
WESTERN GREAT BASIN AREA LARGE FIRES:
PHILLIPS RANCH, Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest and Great Basin National
Park. The fire is 50 miles southeast of Ely, NV. Park Service personnel
are monitoring the fire.
CHERRY, Ely Field Office, BLM. This fire is 30 miles northwest of Ely,
NV. Wildlife habitat and the Goshute Wilderness Study Area remain
threatened. BLM personnel are monitoring the fire. This will be the last
report until a significant change occurs.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN AREA LARGE FIRES:
JASPER, Black Hills National Forest. This fire is 15 miles east of
Newcastle, WY. A Type I Incident Management Team (Waterbury) is assigned.
Winds were less and relative humidity is higher. Demob of resources
continues. The fire has been mostly lined with dozer, handline and
existing roads. Interior islands continue to burn out.
WEEHINKLE, Wyoming State Forestry. This fire formerly called Left Creek,
is west of Devil's Tower, WY. No new information was received.
NORTHERN CALIFORNIA AREA LARGE FIRES:
STORRIE, Plumas National Forest. A Type I Incident Management Team (Vail)
is assigned. The fire is 20 miles west of Quincy, CA, in the Feather
River Canyon. Fire activity was minimal.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AREA LARGE FIRES:
HUNTER, Madera-Mariposa-Merced Ranger Unit, California Department of
Forestry. A Type I Incident Management Team (Kerrigan) is assigned. This
fire is 25 miles northeast of Merced, CA, near Lake McClure. This is the
last report unless new information is received.
OUTLOOK:
*** RED FLAG WARNING FOR PORTIONS OF SOUTHEAST TEXAS FOR LOW RELATIVE
HUMIDITY.
*** FIRE WEATHER WATCH FOR THE EASTERN HILL COUNTRY, BALCONES ESCARPMENT
AND OAK WOODLANDS OF CENTRAL TEXAS FOR LOW RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND HIGH
TEMPERATURES.
South Texas and the Gulf Coast states will be under a strong area of high
pressure. A weak cold front will move across the Gulf Coast states.
Continued hot conditions with only widely scattered afternoon
thunderstorms are expected. Highs will be 85 to 95 with 100 to 110 in the
hottest locations. Relative humidity will be 20 to 40 percent. Winds
will be northwest to northeast 10 to 15 mph.
An upper level trough of low pressure over central Oregon will bring a
threat of shower activity and high elevation snows to portions of northern
California, Great Basin and Northern Rockies as it slowly moves east.
Across the central Rockies and Southwest lingering monsoonal moisture will
bring partly cloudy skies along with isolated showers and thunderstorms to
the region.
In the north temperatures will generally be in the 50's to mid 60's in the
mountains and the mid 60's to 80's elsewhere. Winds will be from the west
to northwest 10 to 20 mph. In the Southwest and central Rockies
temperatures will be in the 60's and 70's mountains and 80's to 100 in the
valleys. Winds will generally be from the west to southwest at 15 to 30
mph.
Relative humidity will be in the mid teens to upper 20 percent, except in
the single digits across the warmer deserts. In portions of the north
relative humidity of 40 to 60 percent are expected.
=> USA Earthquake Report
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
NATIONAL EARTHQUAKE INFORMATION CENTER
GOLDEN, COLORADO
LISTS OF U.S. EARTHQUAKES IN THE LAST 30 HOURS
Prepared by USGS/NEIC 2000 SEP 05 at 00:15 UTC
EARTHQUAKES IN SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES
(29.0 TO 35.8 N, 102.0 TO 125.0 W)
Date Time (UTC) Lat Long Depth Magnitude
2000 SEP 4 17:27:41.00 34.3 N 116.8 W 0 km 2.9
25 miles N of Banning, California
EARTHQUAKES IN STATE OF ALASKA
Date Time (UTC) Lat Long Depth Magnitude
2000 SEP 3 22:17:31.40 59.5 N 156.9 W 33 km 3.7
55 miles N of King Salmon, Alaska
2000 SEP 4 02:09:06.40 52.3 N 172.6 W 33 km 4.0
70 miles E of Atka, Alaska
=> Yesterday's USA Severe Weather Reports
=> Guest Column
No Column Today
=> CF AR CWC 6/99 Fatalities to Law Enforcement Officers and Firefighters,
1992-97
Fatalities to Law Enforcement Officers and Firefighters, 1992-97
By Cindy Clarke and Mark J. Zak
Cindy Clarke and Mark J. Zak are econoists in the Office of Safety,
Health and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Telephone: (202) 606-6175
E-mail: cfoistaff{at}bls.gov
Police and firefighters face unique job hazards. They are more likely
than other workers to die violently-from gunshots, vehicle accidents,
and fire related incidents. Their risk of suffering a fatal incident is
three times greater than for all workers.
In every community in the United States, law enforcement personnel and
firefighters regularly put their lives in harm's way to protect the
public. The risk of a fatal incident for law enforcement personnel and
firefighters is three times greater than for all workers.(1)
During 1992-97, over 1,100 law enforcement personnel and firefighters
were killed in the line of duty, according to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics' Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI). Most of the
887 police fatalities occurred during the pursuit of criminals-some
were shot and others were fatally injured in highway crashes. Likewise,
the 259 firefighters killed on the job often died fighting fires and
conducting rescue operations.
Law Enforcement Personnel
Law enforcement personnel, such as police officers, detectives, and
special agents are responsible for enforcing laws and regulations
designed to protect life and property. They are an integral part of
the criminal justice system, and daily life would be chaotic without
their services. In 1997, over one million violent crimes were reported
in the United States, and about 700,000 arrests were made by police
officers. (2)
Police officers spend much of their time patrolling designated areas
to preserve the peace and prevent crime. When the law is violated,
they perform a range of duties from apprehending criminals to issuing
traffic citations. Detectives and special agents who work as
plainclothes investigators gather facts, collect evidence for criminal
cases, and participate in raids or arrests. Other special agents
employed by Federal Government agencies conduct complex criminal
investigations, carry out surveillance of criminals, infiltrate
illicit drug organizations using undercover techniques, and apprehend
violators of Federal laws. Correctional officers, who are employed in
local jails and Federal and State prisons, maintain internal security
and observe inmate conduct to prevent disturbances and escapes. They
are often locked in a cell-block with as many as 100 inmates.
Good training, teamwork, and special equipment such as bullet-resistant
vests and helmets minimize the number of injuries and fatalities to
law enforcement personnel. Nevertheless, the risks associated with
pursuing speeding or fleeing motorists, apprehending criminals, and
dealing with public disorders often are life threatening for the
officer. As a result, fatalities among law enforcement personnel are
high, with homicide being the leading cause followed by highway
crashes.(3)
Fatal and nonfatal injuries by event or exposure
As the following text table shows, over the period 1992-97, homicides
and highway crashes were the two major events contributing to 75 percent
of the fatalities for law enforcement personnel.(4) Nationally,
homicides accounted for one-half of the fatalities to law enforcement
personnel, while highway crashes accounted for about one-third.
Text table 1. Fatalities incurred by law enforcement personnel by
event or exposure, 1992-97
Event or exposure Number Percent
Total 887 100
Assaults and
violent acts 449 51
Homicides 403 45
Transportation
incidents 384 43
Highway 272 31
Falls 19 2
Exposure to harmful
substances or
environments 15 2
Contact with objects
and equipment 12 1
Other 8 1
Law enforcement personnel must always be on guard against the risk of
assault while conducting drug raids, responding to calls reporting
robberies or other felonies, serving arrest warrants, issuing traffic
summonses, and answering domestic disputes. Nine out of 10 homicides
to law enforcement personnel resulted from a shooting. Stabbings,
beatings, and other violent acts, accounted for about 10 percent of
the homicides.
In addition to being on guard against assaults, police officers must
respond to calls as quickly as possible. Quick response often requires
traveling at high rates of speed in police cruisers to get to the scene
of the crime or emergency. Over half of the highway incidents involved
collisions between two vehicles, mostly moving in opposite directions
or through intersections. One-third of the highway incidents involved
vehicles that ran off the road or overturned without colliding with
another vehicle.
Directing traffic and issuing traffic summonses exposes police officers
to the dangers of working near speeding motor vehicles. About 18 percent
of the fatal transportation incidents were due to officers being struck
by vehicles either in the road or on the side of the roadway.
During search and rescue operations and prisoner transport, law
enforcement personnel may use aircraft, including helicopters.
Thirty law enforcement personnel lost their lives in aircraft
crashes in the period 1992-97. Half of these crashes involved
helicopters.
Text table 2 lists the six States with the highest number of fatalities
for law enforcement personnel during the period 1992-97.
For comparison, nonfatal injuries resulting from acts of violence and
involving days away from work to recuperate are shown for California,
New York, and North Carolina for the years 1992-96.(5)
The leading event for nonfatal injuries involving days away from work
to law enforcement personnel in California, New York, and North Carolina
were injuries from assaults. In these States, the fatal assaults
were disproportionately higher than the nonfatal assaults to law
enforcement personnel. Whereas homicides accounted for almost half of
the fatalities in each State, nonfatal assaults accounted for about
one-fifth of the nonfatal injuries in California and North Carolina, and
one-fourth in New York. In all States, fatalities to law enforcement
personnel were divided mainly between hom-icides and transportation
incidents. In California, New York, and North Carolina, nonfatal
injuries with days away from work were divided among several types of
injury events or exposures, including contact with objects or equipment,
transportation incidents, falls on the same level, and overexertion.
Text table 2. Fatal and nonfatal occupational injuries to law
enforcement personnel by selected State and leading event or
exposure, 1992-97
State 1992-97 1992-96
Total nonfatal Leading
event
Total Leading fatal event injuries
(percent)
fatalities (percent) involving days
(number) away from work
(number)
------------ ---------- -------------------- -------------- -----------
----Total 887
California 100 Homicides (49) 44,255 Assaults (17) Texas 75 Highway crashes (38) - - Florida 50 Highway crashes (36) - - New York 42 Homicides (48) 75,670 Assaults (26) Georgia 42 Highway crashes (40) - - North Carolina 33 Homicides (48) 5,258 Assaults (19)
The urban setting
In the United States, the majority of fatalities to law enforcement personnel occurred in urban areas.(6) Of the cases that were reported, three-fourths occurred in urban areas and one-fourth in rural areas. In urban areas, half of the fatalities to law enforcement officers were due to homicides whereas about one-third were due to highway crashes. Two-thirds of the 66 fatalities due to being struck by vehicles occurred in urban areas. In rural areas, fatalities to law enforcement personnel were divided evenly between highway crashes and homicides, with each accounting for about 40 percent of the fatalities.
Fatality rates and index of relative risk
Of the 1 million police officers employed, about 150 die from injuries on the job each year, on average, accounting for about 3 percent of all fatal work injuries. Because the number of workers in the group and the time spent on the job affect fatality counts, fatality rates are used to evaluate workers' risk of incurring a fatal work injury. Fatality rates are standardized. They usually are expressed as the number of fatalities per 100,000 workers so they can be used to compare fatality risk among various worker groups.(7) Another statistic used to assess the risk of workplace fatalities that a particular occupation faces is the index of relative risk.(8) This index is calculated as the ratio of the workplace fatality rate for a particular group compared to the national workplace fatality rate for all workers.
The average rate of fatal workplace injuries to law enforcement personnel was about 14 fatalities per 100,000 employed workers for the period 1992-97, compared to the national rate of 5 fatalities per 100,000 employed workers in all industries. The rate remained steady over the 6-year period, except for 1995 and 1996. In 1995, 14 police officers were killed in the Oklahoma City bombing, which helped to increase the rate to almost 17 fatalities per 100,000 employed. In 1996, the rate dipped to a low of about 11 fatalities per 100,000.
Text table 3 shows that the index of relative risk for law enforcement personnel is, on average, about three times higher than for the average worker.
Firefighters
Firefighters frequently are the first emergency response team at the scene of a vehicle crash, fire, flood, earthquake, or act of terrorism.(9) Every year, fires and other emergencies take thousands of lives and destroy billions of dollars worth of property. About 2 million fires are reported each year in the United States, and fire departments in the United States respond to a fire every 18 seconds.(10)
Text table 3. Number, rate, and index of relative risk of fatal occupational injuries to law enforcement personnel, 1992-97
Index of Year Number Rate relative risk
1992-97 887 14.2 2.8 1992 141 15.0 2.9 1993 151 14.8 2.8 1994 149 13.8 2.6 1995 176 16.8 3.4 1996 114 10.8 2.2 1997 156 14.0 2.9 NOTE: The rate is expressed as the number of fatalities per 100,000 employed workers.
Firefighters perform many duties to protect lives and minimize property destruction, and each situation they respond to is unique. While battling blazing building fires, their duties may include connecting hose lines to hydrants, operating pumps, or positioning ladders; but they must also rescue victims, administer medical aid, and salvage the contents of buildings. All the while, they are subject to many of the same dangers as the victims, which can include being burned, asphyxiated from noxious gasses, or struck by collapsing material. However, most wear protective clothing and many carry oxygen to mitigate some of these hazards.
In addition to fighting building fires, firefighters are called on to control and extinguish forest fires. These firefighters pilot aircraft to locate forest fires or use chain saws and axes to create fire trails, among other duties. Forest fires are especially dangerous because they may grow to enormous size and can surround firefighters who are trying to put them out.
Fires are not the only calls firefighters are responsible for answering; often they are summoned to administer emergency medical aid to victims of minor accidents in the household or in their vehicles. Firefighters may also be called on for rescue operations during natural disasters such as floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes. In 1997, there were over 10 million emergency medical calls made to fire departments in the United States.(11) Because lives may be at stake, firefighters often travel at high rates of speed in their vehicles, exposing them to the chance of collision.
Fatal and nonfatal injuries by event or exposure
During 1992-97, the two most frequent events leading to firefighter fatalities were fires and explosions, and highway crashes.(12) Text table 4 shows that fires and explosions accounted for over 40 percent of all fatalities to firefighters, and highway crashes accounted for about 20 percent. About two-thirds of the fatalities due to fires and explosions occurred while firefighters fought building or structure fires. Forest or brush fires accounted for about one-quarter of the fatalities due to fires.
Text table 4. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure, 1992-97
Event or exposure Number Percent
Total 259 100 Fires and explosions 108 42 Transportation incidents 90 35 Highway 57 22 Exposure to harmful substances or environments 24 9 Contact with objects and equipment 13 5 Falls 9 4 Homicides 9 4 Other 6 2
Text table 5. Fatal and nonfatal occupational injuries to firefighters by selected State and leading event or exposure, 1992-97
Total Total Leading nonfatal fatalities Leading fatal nonfatal injuries event State (number) (percent) (number) (percent)
Total 259 New York 29 Fires and explosions (59) 36,467 Contact with object or equipment (19) Pennsylvania 19 Fires and explosions - Colorado 16 Fires and explosions - Texas 14 Highway crashes - California 13 Fires and explosions (46) 22,282 Overexertion (23) Georgia 11 Fires and explosions -
Despite sirens, flashing lights, and brightly colored vehicles, many firefighters lost their lives in fatal motor vehicle crashes. About half of the fatal vehicle crashes were due to collisions between vehicles; most of the other fatalities occurred because the vehicles either overturned or ran off the roadway striking an object. Sixteen firefighters were killed after being struck by vehicles while either directing traffic or performing roadside emergency rescues.
For comparison to fatalities, text table 5 shows nonfatal injuries to firefighters in California and New York for 1992-96.(13) In these two States, contact with objects (or equipment) and overexertion, respectively, were the leading events causing nonfatal injuries involving days away from work for 1992-96. Although highway crashes were either the leading or second leading cause of fatalities, nonfatal transportation incidents accounted for 2 percent or less of the injuries in New York and California. In New York, other events that led to nonfatal injuries included fires or explosions (19 percent), falls on the same level (14 percent), exposure to harmful substances (12 percent), and overexertion (11 percent). In California, 11 percent of the nonfatal injuries were due to contact with objects or equipment, and only 6 percent were due to fires and explosions.
Fatality rates, and index ofrelative risk
Each year, on average, about 50 firefighters die from injuries on the job, accounting for about 1 percent of all fatal work injuries. Although the total number of fatalities to firefighters is relatively small, the average workplace fatality rate for 1992-97 was about 17 firefighters per 100,000 employed. This compares to 5 fatalities per 100,000 employed for all workers.(14) The index of relative risk shows that firefighters were about three times as likely to be fatally injured on the job as the average worker.(15) (See text table 6.) In 1994, the fatality rate was significantly higher than in other years, mainly because of a single forest fire in Colorado that claimed the lives of 14 firefighters. Firefighters usually work in teams and, consequently, there is a high propensity for multiple fatalities from a single fire event. For the period 1992-97, there were over 20 fire events that involved multiple fatalities.
Fatality risk by occupation
Although occupations such as timber cutter, fisher, seaman, and aircraft pilot have the highest fatality rates, they are found in relatively few parts of the United States. (See table 1.) Firefighters and law enforcement personnel, on the other hand, are found in every community in the United States. Although the dangers are quite different, both groups experience high fatality rates and risks.
Fatality counts are important in evaluating hazardous jobs because the number of workers killed indicates the magnitude of a safety problem for a group of workers. The 15 occupations with the highest number of fatalities for 1997 are listed in table 1. Combined, these 15 occupations accounted for almost half of the job-related fatalities in 1997. But fatality counts by themselves do not indicate the relative risks of any particular job. Fatality rates depict a worker's risk of incurring a fatal work injury within the employment group, and rates can be used for comparing risk among varying groups of workers.
Conclusion
Law enforcement and fire fighting are inherently dangerous occupations. Workers in both occupations must be available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week to protect the public from criminals, fires, and natural disasters. While the two occupations include very different duties, they both must respond to their respective emergency situations as quickly as possible. For this reason, highway crashes are prominent in the workplace fatality record of both occupations.
Text table 6. Number, rate, and index of relative risk of fatal occupational injuries to firefighters by year, 1992-97
Index of Year Number Rate relative risk
1992-1997 259 16.5 3.3
1992 36 14.9 2.9 1993 40 16.4 3.2 1994 56 21.5 4.1 1995 41 14.3 2.9 1996 37 13.7 2.9 1997 49 18.3 3.9
Table 1. Number, rate, and index of relative risk for fatal occupational injuries in 15 high-risk occupations, 1997
Number of Employment(2) Rate per Index of Occupation(1) fatalities (in 100,000 Relative thousands) employed(3) risk(4)
All occupations..... 6,218 130,810 4.7 1.0
Timber cutting and logging occupations...... 121 94 128.7 27.4 Fishers........... 58 47 123.4 26.3 Water transportation... 49 52 94.2 20.0 Aircraft pilots... 100 120 83.3 17.7 Extractive occupations...... 75 145 51.7 11.0 Construction laborers......... 333 811 41.1 8.7 Taxicab drivers... 100 248 40.3 8.6 Truckdrivers...... 857 3,075 27.9 5.9 Roofers........... 55 200 27.5 5.9 Farming occupations...... 615 2,177 27.5 5.9 Firefighters...... 49 268 18.3 3.9 Laborers, except construction..... 208 1,323 15.6 3.3 Material moving equipment operators........ 169 1,125 15.0 3.2 Police and detectives....... 156 1,113 14.0 3.0 Electricians...... 94 774 12.1 2.6
1 Based on the 1990 Occupational Classification System developed by the Bureau of the Census. 2 The employment figures, except for military, are annual average estimates of employed civilians 16 years of age and older, from the Current Population Survey (CPS), 1997. The resident military figure, derived from resident and civilian population data from the Bureau of the Census, was added to the CPS employment total. 3 The rate represents the number of fatal occupational injuries per 100,000 employed workers and was calculated as follows: (N/W) x 100,000, where N = the number of fatally injured workers, age 16 and older, and W = the number of employed workers, as described in the previous footnote. There were 21 fatally injured workers under the age of 16 years who were not included in the rate calculations to maintain consistency with the CPS employment figures. 4 Index of relative risk = Fatality rate for a given occupation/Fatality rate for all workers.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries
Endnotes
1 Data on fatal work injuries are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI). CFOI data cover all fatal work injuries. This program, which has collected occupational fatality data nationwide since 1992, uses diverse data sources to identify, verify, and profile fatal work injuries. Information about each workplace fatality (industry and other worker characteristics, equipment involved, and circumstances of the event) is obtained by cross-referencing source documents such as death certificates, workers' compensation records, and reports to Federal and State agencies. This method assures counts are as complete and accurate as possible. 2 Criminal Victimization 1997: Changes 1996-97 with Trends 1993-97 NCJ 173385 (U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, December 1998). 3 Occupational Outlook Handbook, 1998-99 edition, Bulletin 2500 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 1996), pp. 339-347. 4 The event or exposure describes the manner in which the injury was produced or inflicted by the source of the injury. 5 Data on nonfatal injuries are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII). This program collects information from a random sample of about 200,000 establishments representing most private industry wage and salary workers, excluding workers on small farms. Worker and case characteristics are collected only for those workers sustaining injuries and illnesses that require days away from work to recuperate. Data are available for employees in the public sector only for those States that have OSHA-approved safety programs. For this reason, data are available only for California, New York, and North Carolina and are included in the discussion to offer insight into nonfatal injuries to law enforcement personnel and firefighters. Because the scope and methodology of CFOI and SOII are slightly different, comparisons of fatal and nonfatal data are problematic. Additional information can be obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Internet site at http://stats.bls.gov/oshhome.htm or via E-mail at cfoistaff{at}bls.gov or oshstaff{at}bls.gov. 6 Urban areas are defined as counties which are included in metropolitan areas as defined by the Office of Management and Budget. Rural areas include all counties not included in the metropolitan area definition. 7 Fatality rates are used to compare the risk of incurring a fatal work injury among worker groups with varying employment or exposure levels. There is more than one method to calculate a fatality rate. An hours-based rate measures the risk of fatality per standardized length of exposure; an employment-based rate measures the risk for those employed during a given period of time, regardless of exposure hours. Hours-based measurements are especially useful for comparing worker groups with varying exposure hours, such as when a large proportion of workers in an industry work part-time.
Fatal work injury rates included in this article were calculated using annual average employment data that were collected in the Current Population Survey (CPS). These rates are considered experimental measures. They provide the number of fatal work injuries per 100,000 workers for 1992-97 and were calculated as follows: [(N 92 + N 93 + N 94 + N 95 + N 96 + N 97)/(W 92 + W 93 + W 94 + W 95 + W 96 + W 97)] x 100,000; where: N = number of civilian worker fatalities, age 15 and older, 1992-97, and W = annual average number of employed civilians, age 15 and older, 1992-97
Because the CFOI program does not collect employment data, annual average estimates from the CPS for 1992-97 are used in the denominator. The CPS employment data used to calculate rates are estimates based upon a sample of persons employed rather than a complete count. Therefore, the CPS estimates and fatality rates have sampling errors; that is, they may differ from figures that would have been obtained if it had been possible to take a complete census of employed persons. See "Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error" in the January 1997 Employment and Earnings for an explanation of CPS sampling and estimation methodology and standard error computations. The relative standard errors of the CPS employment estimates can be used to approximate confidence ranges for the fatality rates. 8 Index of relative risk = Fatality rate for a given occupation/Fatality rate for all workers. For additional information on relative risk of both fatal and nonfatal injuries, see Report on the American Workforce (U.S. Department of Labor, 1994), pp. 95-138; and Guy A. Toscano, "Dangerous Jobs," Compensation and Working Conditions, Summer 1997, pp. 57-60. 9 Occupational Outlook Handbook, 1998-99 edition, pp. 341-343. 10 National Fire Data Center, Fire Departments, on the Internet at http://www.usfa.fema.gov/nfdc.firedept.htm (visited May 19, 1999). 11 Ibid. 12 See footnote 4. 13 See footnote 5. 14 See footnote 7. 15 See footnote 8.
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